Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system ^[1]

Urinary Incontinence is the inability to hold urine in the bladder due to loss of voluntary control over the urinary sphincters resulting in the involuntary passage of urine. It is often temporary, and it almost always results from an underlying medical condition.^[2]

Male infertility is a term that refers to infertility in male humans. Male infertility is involved in a sexually paired couple's inability to conceive in a significant number of cases, with estimates ranging from 40-50%. ^[3]

Robotic surgery is the use of robots in performing surgery. Three major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery. Major potential advantages of robotic surgery are precision and miniaturization. Further advantages are articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification. ^[4]

Erectile dysfunction (ED or (male) impotence) is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis. There are various underlying causes, such as cardiovascular leakage and diabetes, many of which are medically treatable. Nerve trauma from prostatectomy surgery can cause chronic erectile dysfunction.^[5]

Vasectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vasa deferentia of a male mammal are cut for the purpose of sterilization. There are some variations on the procedure such as no-scalpel (keyhole) vasectomies, in which a surgical hook, rather than a scalpel, is used to enter the scrotum.^[6]

Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations) of dissolved minerals in urine; calculi typically form inside the kidneys or bladder. The terms nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis refer to the presence of calculi in the kidneys and urinary tract, respectively.^[7]

A lithotriptor is a medical device used in the non-invasive treatment of kidney stones (urinary calculosis) and biliary calculi (stones in the gallbladder or in the liver. The scientific name of this procedure is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). Lithotripsy was developed in the early 1980s in Germany by Dornier Medizintechnik GmbH (now known as Dornier MedTech Systems GmbH), and came into widespread use with the introduction of the HM-3 lithotriptor in 1983. Within a few short years, ESWL revolutionized treatment of calculosis. It is estimated that more than one million patients are treated annually with ESWL in the USA alone.^[8]

Although men considering vasectomies should not think of them as reversible, and most men and their spouses are satisfied with the operation, there is a procedure to reverse vasectomies using vasovasostomy (a form of microsurgery first performed by Earl Owen in 1971). ^[9]

Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT) uses microwave heat to shrink excess prostate tissue. Doctors insert a small microwave antenna attached to a flexible tube (catheter) through your penis into the part of the urethra surrounded by the prostate gland. The antenna emits a dose of microwave energy that heats overgrown prostate cells and destroys them without damaging nearby normal tissue^[10]